The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) has developed a prototype contamination warning system (CWS) for drinking water in response to Homeland Security Presidential Directive 9 (HSPD9). The goal of HSPD9 and the CWS is to expedite contamination containment and emergency response, thereby minimizing public health and economic impacts.
U.S. EPA’s conceptual CWS system, named WaterSentinel, is currently being pilot tested by U.S. EPA and its research partners. WaterSentinel is a multi-faceted approach involving water quality monitoring at optimal locations throughout the drinking water distribution system, enhanced security monitoring at key water utility infrastructure assets, consumer complaint surveillance, and innovative uses of public health surveillance data streams.
Objective
This paper summarizes the use and evaluation of various types of public health surveillance data for the early detection of chemical and biological contamination of drinking water.