This syndrome was created as a part of the Arboviral Syndromic Surveillance Project in Arizona, which includes bi-weekly monitoring of syndromic data to enhance traditional arboviral surveillance. The syndrome was developed using BioSense 2.0 phpMyAdmin and later transitioned to ESSENCE. The syndrome queries chief complaint and discharge diagnosis code
Vector
This syndrome was created as a part of the Arizona Arboviral Syndrome Surveillance Project, which includes bi-weekly monitoring of syndromic data to enhance traditional surveillance. The syndrome was initially created using BioSesne 2.0 phpMyAdmin and later transitioned to ESSENCE.
Description
Chagas’ disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is spread mostly by Triatominae bugs. High carbon dioxide emission and strong infra-red (IR) radiation are indicative of their presence. Periods of low atmospheric water saturation favor their dispersal, when the bugs’ IR perception is high.
The Fast Subset Scan (FSScan) is very efficient for the detection of the most likely geographic cluster. Covariate studies associating the presence of regular clusters with environmental factors are routinely done using the Circular Scan, the simplest version of the Spatial Scan statistic. However, if the study employs irregular clusters instead, accurate results depend on the generation of a rich family of variants of the primary cluster.
Objective
We employ climate information to assess the possible spatial dependence on the occurrence of Chagas’ disease irregular clusters in Central Brazil, using a variant of the Spatial Scan Statistic, the Geo-Dynamic Scan (GDScan).
The multiple forms of Human African Trypanosomiasis (human T.b. gambiense and zoonotic T.b. rhodesiense, as well as the several strains which cause disease in animals) that occur in Uganda make coordinating the scientific and developmental, human and animal, social and economic systems influencing their control particularly complex. Uganda is one of the only countries in Africa that has experienced largescale, debilitating outbreaks of HAT, and co-ordinated major control programmes.
In 2014, a dengue outbreak affected northern Mexico and travel-associated dengue cases increased in southern Arizona. While Arizona has not detected a local dengue case, local transmission occurred in Nogales, Sonora, sister city of Nogales, Arizona across the border. The detection of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, a dengue and chikungunya vector, and the frequent human movement across the border with Sonora heightens Arizona’s risk for introducing emerging mosquito-borne diseases. Limited data exists on the extent or seasonality of Aedes mosquitoes in Arizona border counties.
Pakistan being a subtropical region is highly susceptible to water-borne, air-borne and vector-borne infectious diseases (IDs). Each year, millions of its people are exposed to, and infected with, deadly pathogens including hepatitis, tuberculosis, malaria, and now-a-days dengue fever (DF). Monitoring and response management to natural or man-made IDs is non-existent in the country due to lack of robust infrastructure for health surveillance. DF outbreaks in 2005-2011 alone resulted in more than 50,000 infections and about 1500 people lost their lives.